Mehdi Fadaee; Sama Azari
Abstract
Finding economic and policy-making tools to protect the environment in the presence of increasing trade competition among countries has always been a regional and international concern in recent decades. In this study, we first introduce, review and investigate the relevant environmental policies ...
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Finding economic and policy-making tools to protect the environment in the presence of increasing trade competition among countries has always been a regional and international concern in recent decades. In this study, we first introduce, review and investigate the relevant environmental policies in the existing environmental economic literature. Then, in the framework of a non-cooperative static game model, we focus on market-based policies and command and control regulations as pollution abatement policies, and examine which of the two emission tax and emission standard policies from the private, social and environmental points of view has a better performance in the presence of pollution production asymmetries or asymmetry of the vulnerability of countries to pollution. The results show that both competitive environmental taxation and the emission standards, in the stated asymmetric conditions, can reduce pollution emissions and increase social welfare. But a comparison of the two policies shows that the tax policy, which is an interventionist policy in the market, has less positive effects on welfare and the environment than the standard regulations. Even firms often prefer to operate under a standard pollution policy rather than a tax policy, unless their emissions are lower than those of their competitor.
Salman Farajnia; Kowsar Yousefi; Mehdi Fadaee
Abstract
The natural rate of unemployment is affected by a variety of factors, including sectoral shifts. However, the inclusion of such factors is ignored in most of the researches. We employ standard deviation of sectoral employment as a proxy for sectoral shift, and use it to calculate the natural rate of ...
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The natural rate of unemployment is affected by a variety of factors, including sectoral shifts. However, the inclusion of such factors is ignored in most of the researches. We employ standard deviation of sectoral employment as a proxy for sectoral shift, and use it to calculate the natural rate of unemployment and the impact of unanticipated monetary policies on employment. The data is from the Labor Force Survey, 1384 to 1396. Results indicate that the sectoral standard deviation of employment has no significant effect on the unemployment rate. We interpret it due to the considerable share of permanent unemployment (those without any job in the past five years) in Iran's data with respect to seasonal unemployment. The permanent unemployment is about 40% in Iran while this number is 15% in the United States. Moreover, we find that the standard deviation of “job destruction” is negatively correlated with the unemployment rate. This might be due to less job destruction during the economic boom which causes the standard deviation to fall.
